These results contribute to both the literature on political polarization and charisma-as well as support our extension of Weber's theory of charismatic authority.To survive organisms must defend themselves against pathogens. Classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes play a key role in pathogen defense by encoding molecules involved in pathogen recognition. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sirpiglenastat.html MHC gene diversity influences the variety of pathogens individuals can recognize and respond to and has consequently been a popular genetic marker for disease resistance in ecology and evolution. However, MHC diversity is predominantly estimated using genomic DNA (gDNA) with little knowledge of expressed diversity. This limits our ability to interpret the adaptive significance of variation in MHC diversity, especially in species with very many MHC genes such as songbirds. Here, we address this issue using phylogenetic comparative analyses of the number of MHC class I alleles (MHC-I diversity) in gDNA and complementary DNA (cDNA), that is, expressed alleles, across 13 songbird species. We propose three theoretical relationships that could be expected between genomic and expressed MHC-I diversity on a macroevolutionary scale and test which of these are best supported. In doing so, we show that significantly fewer MHC-I alleles than the number available are expressed, suggesting that optimal MHC-I diversity could be achieved by modulating gene expression. Understanding the relationship between genomic and expressed MHC diversity is essential for interpreting variation in MHC diversity in an evolutionary context.Food webs capture the trophic relationships and energy fluxes between species, which has fundamental impacts on ecosystem functioning and stability. Within a food web, the energy flux distribution between a predator and its prey species is shaped by food quantity-quality trade-offs and the contiguity of foraging. But the distribution of energy fluxes among prey species as well as its drivers and implications remain unclear. Here we used 157 aquatic food webs, which contain explicit energy flux information, to examine whether a predator's foraging is asymmetric and biased towards lower or higher trophic levels, and how these patterns may change with trophic level. We also evaluate how traditional topology-based approaches may over- or under-estimate a predator's trophic level and omnivory by ignoring the asymmetric foraging patterns. Our results demonstrated the prevalence of asymmetric foraging in natural aquatic food webs. Although predators prefer prey at higher trophic levels with potentially higher food quality, they obtain their energy mostly from lower trophic levels with a higher food quantity. Both tendencies, that is, stronger feeding preference for prey at higher trophic levels and stronger energetic reliance on prey at lower trophic levels are alleviated for predators at higher trophic levels. The asymmetric foraging lowers trophic levels and omnivory at both species and food web levels, compared to estimates from traditional topology-based approaches. Such overestimations by topology-based approaches are most pronounced for predators at lower trophic levels and communities with higher number of trophic species. Our study highlights the importance of energy flux information in understanding the foraging behaviour of predators as well as the structural complexity of natural food webs. The increasing availability of flux-based food web data will thus provide new opportunities to reconcile food web structure, functioning and stability.Increases in the frequency and intensity of acute and chronic disturbances are causing declines of coral reefs world-wide. Although quantifying the responses of corals to acute disturbances is well documented, detecting subtle responses of coral populations to chronic disturbances is less common, but can also result in altered population and community structures. We investigated the population dynamics of two key reef-building Merulinid coral species, Dipsastraea favus and Platygyra lamellina, with similar life-history traits, in the Gulf of Eilat and Aqaba, Red Sea from 2015 to 2018, to assess potential differences in their population trajectories. Demographic processes, which included rates of survival, growth, reproduction and recruitment were used to parametrize integral projection models and estimate population growth rates and the likely population trajectories of both coral species. The survival and reproduction rates of both D. favus and P. lamellina were positively related to coral colony size, and elasticity analyses showed that large colonies most influenced population dynamics. Although both species have similar life-history traits and growth morphologies and are generally regarded as 'stress-tolerant', the populations showed contrasting trajectories-D. favus appears to be increasing whereas P. lamellina appears to be decreasing. As many corals have long-life expectancies, the process of local and regional decline might be subtle and slow. Ecological assessments based on total living coral coverage, morphological groups or functional traits might overlook subtle, species-specific trends. However, demographic approaches capable of detecting subtle species-specific population changes can augment ecological studies and provide valuable early warning signs of decline before major coral loss becomes evident.Cell and gene therapies have shown enormous promise across a range of diseases in recent years. Numerous adoptive cell therapy modalities as well as systemic and direct-to-target tissue gene transfer administrations are currently in clinical development. The clinical trial design, development, reporting, and analysis of novel cell and gene therapies can differ significantly from established practices for small molecule drugs and biologics. Here, we discuss important quantitative considerations and key competencies for drug developers in preclinical requirements, trial design, and lifecycle planning for gene therapies. We argue that the unique development path of gene therapies requires practicing quantitative drug developers-statisticians, pharmacometricians, pharmacokineticists, epidemiologists, and medical and translational science leads-to exercise active collaboration and cross-functional learning across development stages.